Primary education in the French protectorate of annam before 1919

Abstract

Unlike in Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ, or South Vietnam) and Tonkin (Bắc Kỳ, or North Vietnam), the education System in Annam (Trung Kỳ, or Central Vietnam) was under the control of the french government and the Nguyễn dynasty. However, this subject attracts little attention from researchers, and there is also a lack of in-depth studies. Based on the annual reports and statistics of the french government, the article aims to shed light on the historical reality of education in Annam, especially that of primary education, in the early 20th century.