Multinuclear Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Modeling: A Powerful Combination for Unraveling the Mechanism of Phosphoester Bond Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Metal-Substituted Polyoxometalates

Abstract

A detailed reaction mechanism is proposed for the hydrolysis of the phosphoester bonds in the DNA model substrate bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) in the presence of the Zrᶦᵛ-substituted Keggin type polyoxometalate (Et₂NH₂)₈[{a-PW₁₁O₃₉Zr(µ-OH) (H₂O)}₂]·7H₂O (ZrK 2:2) at pD 6.4. Low-temperature ³¹P DOSY spectra at pD 6.4 gave the first experimental evidence for the presence of ZrK1:1 in fast equilibrium with ZrK 2:2 in purely aqueous solution. Moreover, theoretical calculations identified the ZrK 1:1 form as the potentially active species in solution. The reaction intermediates involved in the hydrolysis were identified by means of ¹H/³¹P NMR studies, including EXSY and DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which were supported by DFT calculations. This experimental/theoretical approach enabled the determination of the structures of four intermediate species in which the starting compound BNPP, nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP), or the end product phosphate (P) is coordinated to ZrK 1:1. In the proposed reaction mechanism, BNPP initially coordinates to ZrK 1:1 in a monodentate fashion, which results in hydrolysis of the first phosphoester bond in BNPP and formation of NPP. EXSY NMR studies showed that the bidentate complex between NPP and ZrK 1:1 is in equilibrium with monobound and free NPP. Subsequently, hydrolysis of NPP results in P, which is in equilibrium with its monobound form.